Data, Code & Research Transparency

A reader should be able to understand how a conclusion was reached and what evidence supports it. Transparency takes different forms across disciplines, but the underlying expectation is the same.

Data availability

Include a data availability statement describing where the material underlying the findings can be found and under what conditions it can be accessed. For studies based on public data, identify the source, version and relevant access details. For conceptual or interpretive work that does not generate a dataset, explain that briefly rather than implying that data exist.

Where appropriate, deposit data in a suitable disciplinary or institutional repository and cite the record. Describe documentation, file formats and any steps needed to interpret the material. A statement that data are available on request should explain why public deposit is not suitable and identify the access conditions.

Code, methods and materials

Describe the software, versions, analytical choices and procedures needed to evaluate the work. Share supporting code or protocols when permissions allow. Distinguish original code from external tools and give credit to the developers. Report deviations from preregistered plans and explain exploratory analyses as such.

Responsible restrictions

Openness does not override consent, confidentiality, legitimate intellectual-property restrictions or the protection of sensitive communities and environments. When material cannot be shared openly, explain the restriction and describe an appropriate alternative, such as controlled access, a redacted dataset or detailed methods. Do not upload personal or restricted information to the submission system merely to satisfy a sharing statement.

During review

Reviewers may need access to supporting material to assess a submission. Provide a means of access that preserves double-anonymous review where practical, and disclose any identifying repository record to the editorial office. Authors should keep the records needed to substantiate their findings and respond to reasonable editorial questions.